Testing a passive optical network

ABSTRACT

A test apparatus and method for testing passive optical networks is provided. The test apparatus includes an optical circuit having an optical coupler for splitting off a portion of optical traffic. During testing of a passive optical network, the optical circuit is coupled into an optical path of the passive optical network. A bit stream corresponding to an activating procedure is captured and analyzed to extract identification information of the module that sent the bit stream.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present invention is a Continuation of commonly assigned andco-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/452,624, filed Aug. 6,2014, which claims priority from U.S. Patent Application No. 61/863,129filed Aug. 7, 2013, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to passive optical networks, and inparticular to passive optical networks test equipment and methods.

BACKGROUND

Passive optical networks (PONs) are point-to-multipoint networks, inwhich a central optical line terminal (OLT) is connected with aplurality of optical network units (ONUs) by means of an opticaldistribution network (ODN) including spans of optical fiber connected byoptical splitters and couplers (OSCs). Typically, a single OLT controlsthe communication with all ONUs installed in a PON, broadcastingdownstream signals to the ONUs, and organizing upstream communicationfrom the ONUs to the OLT using time-domain multiple access (TDMA). InTDMA, each ONU is assigned a time slot, within which the ONU maytransmit an upstream signal. The OLT is configured to ensure thatupstream transmissions from different ONUs do not collide, that is, donot occupy a same time slot. Due to the TDMA organization of a PON,upstream transmissions from ONUs to the OLT are usually bursty innature, while the downstream transmissions from the OLT to ONUs tend tobe more continuous. A technician servicing a PON travels to variouslocations of the ODN, and checks optical power levels at thoselocations, to ensure that optical signals propagate to appropriate ODNdestinations with acceptable optical loss. Both average optical powerlevels and peak optical power levels may be measured and recorded. Peakoptical power levels may be useful for characterization of burstyupstream signals.

Referring to FIG. 1, a prior-art PON test device 100 is shown. The PONtest device 100 was disclosed by Ruchet in US Patent ApplicationPublication 2006/0171711 A1. The PON test device 100 includes a 2×2coupler 32, a wavelength division multiplexor (WDM) 68, and first 38,second 42, and third 44 photodetectors for detecting optical signals atwavelengths of 1310 nm, 1490 nm, and 1550 nm, respectively.

In operation, the test device 100 is coupled in an optical path betweenan OLT 110 and an ONU 120. The OLT 110 generates downstream opticalsignals S2 at 1490 nm and S3 at 1550 nm, which are coupled to a firstthrough port 28 of the 2×2 coupler 32. The 2×2 coupler 32 power-splitsthe downstream optical signals S2 and S3. Eighty percent (80%) ofoptical power of the downstream optical signals S2 and S3 are coupled toa second through port 30 of the 2×2 coupler 32. Then, the signals S2 andS3 (attenuated by 20% by the 2×2 coupler 32) propagate to the ONU 120.Twenty percent (20%) of the optical power of the downstream opticalsignals S2 and S3, denoted in FIG. 1 as S2′ and S3′, are coupled to afirst drop port 36 of the 2×2 coupler 32. The first drop port 36 iscoupled to the WDM 68. The WDM 68 separates the signals S2′ and S3′,directing the resulting signals S2″, S3″ to the second 42 and third 44photodetectors, respectively.

The ONU 120 generates an upstream optical signal S1 at 1310 nm, which iscoupled to the second through port 30 of the 2×2 coupler 32. The 2×2coupler 32 power-splits the upstream optical signal S1. Eighty percent(80%) of the optical power of the upstream optical signal S1 is coupledto the first through port 28 of the 2×2 coupler 32, and the attenuatedsignal S1 propagates to the OLT 110. Twenty percent (20%) of the opticalpower of the upstream optical signal S1, denoted in FIG. 1 as S1′, iscoupled to a second drop port 34 of the 2×2 coupler 32. The split signalS1′ is coupled to the first photodetector 38. As a result, the opticalpower of the signals S1, S2, and S3 propagating between the OLT 110 andthe ONU 120, may be measured without breaking an optical link betweenthe OLT 110 and the ONU 120.

In a PON, a large number of ONUs may be connected to a single OLT. Whenthe PON is expanded or reconfigured, some ONUs remain connected to theODN, and some ONUs are transferred to be connected to different opticalfibers within the ODN. Due to a high reconfiguration rate of the PON,and due to a large number of optical connections within the PON, networkoperators are increasingly facing a problem that network documentationis not synchronized with a current configuration of the PON, makingnetwork servicing difficult. It is not uncommon for a service technicianto call the central office for a network update, and/or disconnectindividual subscribers successively one by one, in an attempt to find acorrect optical fiber to take an optical power measurement. Besidesbeing tedious and prone to misconnection errors, this procedure isdisruptive to subscribers.

SUMMARY

A testing apparatus according to the invention may capture activationbit streams between ONU and OLT, and analyze the activation bit streamsto identify network equipment participating in the communication.

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided anapparatus for testing a passive optical network comprising an opticalline terminal, a plurality of optical network units including a firstoptical network unit, and an optical distribution network for carryingbidirectional optical traffic between the optical line terminal and thefirst optical network unit, the bidirectional optical traffic comprisingdownstream traffic from the optical line terminal to the first opticalnetwork unit, and upstream traffic from the first optical network unitto the optical line terminal, wherein the optical line terminal isconfigured to use an activation procedure for establishing communicationwith the first optical network unit, the apparatus comprising:

an optical circuit comprising an optical coupler and first and secondinput optical ports for optically coupling the optical circuit into theoptical distribution network between the optical line terminal and thefirst optical network unit, the optical coupler comprising first andsecond through ports for carrying the bidirectional optical traffictherebetween, and a first drop port for dropping a portion of theupstream traffic, wherein the first through port is optically coupled tothe first input optical port;

an upstream receiver optically coupled to the first drop port forreceiving the upstream traffic portion; and

a controller operationally coupled to the upstream receiver and theoptical breaker switch and configured to:

capture the upstream traffic portion received by the upstream receiverduring the activation procedure; and

extract identification information of the first optical network unitfrom the captured upstream traffic portion.

In one exemplary embodiment, the optical circuit further comprises anoptical breaker switch serially coupled to the optical coupler, theoptical breaker switch comprising a first switch port optically coupledto the second through port of the optical coupler, and a second switchports optically coupled to the second input optical port;

wherein the controller is further configured to cause the opticalbreaker switch to uncouple and then re-couple the first and secondswitch ports to cause a temporary interruption of the bidirectionaloptical traffic therebetween, thereby initiating the activationprocedure between the optical line terminal and the first opticalnetwork unit upon re-coupling of the first and second switch ports.

In one exemplary embodiment, the optical coupler further comprises asecond drop port for dropping a portion of the downstream traffic, andthe apparatus further includes a downstream receiver optically coupledto the second drop port of the optical coupler for receiving thedownstream traffic portion. The controller may be operationally coupledto the downstream receiver and configured to capture the downstreamtraffic portion received by the downstream receiver after theinterruption, during the activation procedure, and to extractidentification information of the optical line terminal from thecaptured downstream traffic portion.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, there is furtherprovided a method for testing a passive optical network comprising anoptical line terminal, a plurality of optical network units including afirst optical network unit, and an optical distribution network forcarrying bidirectional optical traffic between the optical line terminaland the first optical network unit, the bidirectional optical trafficcomprising downstream traffic from the optical line terminal to thefirst optical network unit, and upstream traffic from the first opticalnetwork unit to the optical line terminal, wherein the optical lineterminal is configured to use an activation procedure for establishingcommunication with the first optical network unit, the methodcomprising:

(a) coupling an optical circuit into the optical distribution networkbetween the optical line terminal and the first optical network unit,the optical circuit including an optical coupler comprising first andsecond through ports for carrying the bidirectional optical traffictherebetween, and a first drop port for dropping a portion of theupstream traffic;

(b) initiating the activation procedure between the optical lineterminal and the first optical network;

(c) capturing the portion of the upstream traffic after the interruptionof step (b), during the activation procedure; and

(d) extracting identification information of the first optical networkunit from the upstream traffic portion captured in step (c).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments will now be described in conjunction with thedrawings; in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view of a prior-art PON optical tester;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary schematic view of a PON being tested inaccordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary schematic view of a test apparatusaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 4A to 4D illustrate exemplary schematic views of a test apparatusof the invention, including a single photodiode for each of the upstreamand downstream paths (FIGS. 4A and 4B); a power splitter and twophotodiodes for each of the upstream and downstream paths (FIG. 4C); anda common optical filter, power splitter, and two photodiodes for each ofthe upstream and downstream paths (FIG. 4D);

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for testing a PONaccording to the invention;

FIG. 6A is a schematic data structure diagram indicating a location ofan ONU identification number (ONU-ID) and an ONU serial number (ONU-SN)in a gigabit-PON (G-PON) upstream data burst;

FIG. 6B is a schematic data structure diagram indicating a location ofan ONU identification number (ONU-ID) and an ONU serial number (ONU-SN)in a 10 gigabit-capable PON (XG-PON) upstream data burst;

FIG. 6C is a schematic data structure diagram indicating a location ofan ONU network registration number (REG-ID) in a 10 gigabit-capable PON(XG-PON) upstream data burst;

FIG. 6D is a schematic data structure diagram indicating a location of aPON identification number (PON-ID) in a 10 gigabit-capable PON (XG-PON)downstream data frame;

FIG. 6E is a schematic data structure diagram indicating a location of aPON identification number (PON-ID) in a gigabit PON (G-PON) downstreamdata frame;

FIG. 6F is a schematic data structure diagram showing a logical link ID(LLID) and a source MAC address (SA) in an upstream burst of a 10 GB/sEthernet. PON (10G-EPON);

FIG. 6G is a schematic data structure diagram showing a logical link ID(LLID) and a source MAC address in a downstream frame of a 10 GB/sEthernet PON (10G-EPON);

FIG. 7A illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for extractingan ONU-ID of FIG. 6A from an upstream burst in a G-PON;

FIG. 7B illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for extractingan ONU-ID of FIG. 6B and a REG-ID of FIG. 6C from an upstream burst inan XG-PON;

FIG. 7C illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for extracting aPON-ID of FIG. 6E from a downstream frame in a G-PON;

FIG. 7D illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for extracting aPON-ID of FIG. 6D from a downstream frame in an XG-PON;

FIG. 7E illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for extractingan LLID and a MAC address of FIG. 6F from an upstream burst of an EPONand 10G-EPON;

FIG. 7F illustrates an exemplary flow chart of a method for extracting aMAC address of FIG. 6G from a downstream frame of an EPON and 10G-EPON;and

FIG. 8 illustrates a PON summary screen shown on a display of thetesting device of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the present teachings are described in conjunction with variousembodiments and examples, it is not intended that the present teachingsbe limited to such embodiments. On the contrary, the present teachingsencompass various alternatives and equivalents, as will be appreciatedby those of skill in the art.

Referring to FIG. 2, an exemplary network system 200 includes a PONunder test 211. The PON 211 may include a plurality of ONUs 206.1 . . .206.m and 208.1, 208.2, . . . 208.n optically coupled to an OLT 202 viaan ODN 210. The ODN 210 typically includes only passive components, forinstance optical fibers 203, optical power splitters/combiners (OSC) 204and 205, and the like. The OLT 202 is typically connected to anothernetwork 201, e.g. an Ethernet™ network, which serves as an externalsource and recipient of communications. The ONUs 206.1 . . . 206.m,208.1, 208.2, . . . 208.n may be connected with respective subscribernetworks or subscriber devices 207.1 . . . 207.m, 209.1, 209.2, . . .209.n, which may be a source and recipient of payload data transmittedin the PON from the subscriber's side. The terms “optical network unit”or “ONU” and “optical network terminal” or “ONT” are usedinterchangeably herein, because they behave similarly with respect toembodiments of this invention. ONUs are usually deployed near a group ofcustomer premises or “at a curb”, whereas ONTs are usually deployed atindividual customer premises. For simplicity, the term “ONU” is selectedto denote both. ONU and ONT, unless specified otherwise. It is to benoted that the ONU(s) 206.1 to 206.m and 208.1 to 208.n may receive andtransmit data from and to the PON 211, and may be connected to othernetworks, such as Ethernet, digital subscriber lines, standardtelephones (PSTN), or network devices, such as computer terminals, videodevices, Ethernet units, and the like.

In operation, the ODN 210 carries bidirectional optical traffic betweenthe OLT 202 and the ONUs 206.1 to 206.m, 208.1 to 208.n using standardcommunication protocols, e.g. those described in ITU-T G.984/7 or IEEE802.3ah/av communication standards. The bidirectional optical trafficincludes downstream traffic 212 and upstream traffic 213. In a typicalnetwork configuration, the downstream traffic carries data broadcast bythe OLT 202 to the ONUs 206.1 to 206.m, 208.1 to 208.n, such as, forexample, television data, as well as data intended to individual ONUs206.1 to 206.m, 208.1 to 208.n, tagged with identification data toidentify intended recipients. The downstream traffic 212 is powerdivided by the OSC 204, 205. In general, a hierarchy of OSCs 204, 205may exist in the ODN 210. Each of the OSCs 204, 205 power-divides thedownstream traffic 212, typically equally between its output legs.

The upstream traffic 213 is commonly organized using TDMA. The OLT 202operates as a “master”, which assigns a time slot to each of the ONU(s)206.1 to 206.m, 208.1 to 208.n, during which an upstream transmissionmay be performed. The OSCs 204, 205 combine all signals arriving atdownstream facing ports into the combined upstream traffic 213, in whichall of the upstream signal bursts e.g. 214, 215, 216, arrive properlyseparated. For example, the signal burst 214 is sent from the “first”ONU 206.1 to the OLT 202. Herein, the terms “first”, “second”, and thelike are not intended to denote the order of appearance, but are merelyused as identifiers.

The PON 211 may be tested by disconnecting optical fibers at a testpoint 217, and inserting a test apparatus 300 by coupling its first 301and second 302 input optical ports to the disconnected optical fibers.In this manner, the downstream traffic 212 and the upstream traffic 214between the OLT 202 and the first ONU 206.1 can be made to flow throughthe test apparatus 300. From here on in, the term “upstream traffic”will be used to identify the upstream burst 214, which carries upstreaminformation sent by the “first” ONU 206.1 to the OLT 202. It is to beunderstood that tests can be performed by inserting the test instrument300 at another test point, not shown, of the ODN 210. In other words,the test point 217 and the first ONU 206.1 are considered only by way ofa non-limiting example, which is given to illustrate operation of thetest apparatus 300.

Referring to FIG. 3, the test apparatus 300 has an optical circuit 310,which may include an optical coupler 304 and an optical breaker switch303 serially coupled together between the first 301 and second 302 inputoptical ports. The optical circuit 310 is shown coupled into the ODN 210at the test point 217 between the OLT 202 and the first ONU 206.1 (FIG.2). The optical coupler 304 (FIG. 3) includes first 331 and second 332through ports for carrying the bidirectional optical traffic between thefirst 331 and second 332 through ports. The optical coupler 304 furtherincludes a first drop port 341 for dropping a portion 214A of theupstream traffic 214. The first through port 331 is coupled to the firstinput optical port 301.

The optical breaker switch 303 includes first 361 and second 362 opticalports, termed herein “switch ports”. The optical breaker switch 303 isconfigured to optically couple and uncouple the first 361 and second 362switch ports in a controllable fashion. For example, the coupling anduncoupling may be performed in response to a command e.g. an electricalsignal on a control line 363. The first switch port 361 is opticallycoupled to the second through port 332 of the optical coupler 304, andthe second switch port 362 is optically coupled to the second inputoptical port 302. The optical breaker switch 303 may be also coupledbetween the first through port 331 and the first optical port 301.

An upstream receiver 306 is optically coupled to the first drop port 341of the optical coupler 304 for receiving the upstream traffic portion214A. A controller 320 is operationally coupled to the upstream receiver306. The controller 320 may be coupled to the optical breaker switch 303via the control line 363. The controller 320 may be configured to causethe optical breaker switch 304 to uncouple and then re-couple the first361 and second 362 switch ports, so as to cause a temporary interruptionof the bidirectional optical traffic between the first 361 and second362 switch ports. The purpose of this brief interruption, for example nolonger than 1 second and more preferably between 200 ms and 500 ms, isto initiate an activation, or “discovery” procedure between the OLT 202and the first ONU 206.1 upon re-coupling of the first 361 and second 362switch ports. The activation procedure is known and corresponds to acommunication standard used in a particular network. The controller 320may be further configured to capture the upstream traffic portion 214Areceived by the upstream receiver 306 after the interruption and duringthe activation procedure. The captured upstream traffic portion includesidentification information of the first ONU 206.1. The controller 320may be configured to extract this information, thereby identifying thefirst ONU 206.1. The upstream receiver 306 may include an optical powermeter (PM) 370 for determining an optical power level of the upstreamtraffic 214 from the dropped upstream traffic portion 214A. A display321 may be further provided for displaying the optical power level ofthe upstream traffic 214 together with the identification information ofthe first ONU 206.1. In one embodiment, an external display may be used.

The test apparatus 300 may be implemented without the optical breakerswitch 303. For this embodiment, the controller 320 may be configured tocapture the upstream traffic portion 214A received by the upstreamreceiver 306 upon coupling of the first 301 and second 302 opticalconnectors into the ODN 210 at the test point 217, during the activationprocedure, which automatically follows the coupling. It is preferred toinclude the optical breaker switch 303 into the optical circuit 310,because the optical breaker switch 303 provides a controllable,repeatable interruption of the optical communication between the OLT 202and the first ONU 206.1.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the optical coupler 304 includes anoptional second drop port 342 for dropping a portion 212A of thedownstream traffic 212. In this embodiment, the apparatus 300 furtherincludes a downstream receiver 307 optically coupled to the second dropport 342 of the optical coupler 304 for receiving the downstream trafficportion 212A. The controller 320 may be operationally coupled to thedownstream receiver 307 and configured to capture the downstream trafficportion 212A received by the downstream receiver 307 after theinterruption, preferably during the activation procedure, and to extractidentification information of the OLT 202 and/or the PON 211 from thecaptured downstream traffic portion 212A. The capturing and theidentification information extraction from the downstream trafficportion 212A does not have to take place during the activationprocedure, and may be performed at any time during downstreamtransmission.

The downstream receiver 307 may further include its own optical powermeter 370. In this configuration, an optical power level of both theupstream 214 and downstream 212 traffic may be determined from thedropped respective upstream 214A and downstream 212A traffic portions.The optical power level of the upstream traffic 214 may be displayed onthe display 321 together with the identification information of thefirst ONU 206.1, and the optical power level of the downstream traffic212 may be displayed on the display 321 together with the identificationinformation of the OLT 202.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, a test apparatus 400A is an embodiment of thetest apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. A non-transitional memory 422 has storedcomputer instructions for the processor 320. Captured bit streams and/ortest results may also be stored in the non-transitional memory 422. Auser interface 421 may include the display 321 (not shown in FIG. 4A),along with a user input device such as a set of buttons, for example. Inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 4A, the upstream receiver 306 of the testapparatus 400A includes an upstream optical filter 408 coupled to thefirst drop port 341 of the optical coupler 304, for selecting awavelength band corresponding to the upstream traffic 214. Similarly,the optional downstream receiver 307 may include a downstream opticalfilter 414 coupled to the second drop port 342 of the optical coupler304, for selecting a wavelength band corresponding to the downstreamtraffic 214. By way of a non-limiting example, the downstream opticalfilter 414 may transmit wavelengths of 1490 nm±10 nm and/or 1578 nm±10nm, and the upstream optical filter 408 may use wavelengths of 1270nm±10 nm and/or 1310 nm±10 nm. The optical filters 408 and 414 may bebased on thin film filters, metal-dielectric filters, color glassfilters, and the like.

The upstream receiver 306 of the test apparatus 400A may further includea photodetector 471 optically coupled to the upstream optical filter408, for providing an electrical signal in response to the upstreamtraffic portion 214A. A burst mode amplifier 418 may be electricallycoupled to the first photodetector 471 for broadband amplification ofthe electrical signal to provide an upstream traffic electricalwaveform. A burst mode clock data recovery circuit 412 may beelectrically coupled to the burst mode amplifier 418 and the processor320, for recovering clock data from the upstream traffic electricalwaveform. In the embodiment shown, the upstream receiver 306 of the testapparatus 400A also includes a pre-amplifier 410 coupled to apeak/average signal detector 411, for determining a peak and/or averageoptical power of the upstream traffic 214. Other types of amplifiers maybe used.

The downstream receiver 307 of the test apparatus 400A may also includeits own photodetector 471 optically coupled to the downstream opticalfilter 414, for providing an electrical signal in response to thedownstream traffic portion 212A. A broadband amplifier 419 may beelectrically coupled to the photodetector 471 for broadbandamplification of the electrical signal to provide an upstream trafficelectrical waveform. A downstream clock data recovery circuit 413 may beelectrically coupled to the broadband amplifier 419 and the processor320, for recovering clock data from the downstream traffic electricalwaveform. The downstream receiver 307 of the test apparatus 400A mayalso include its own pre-amplifier 410 coupled to the peak/averagesignal detector 411, for determining a peak and/or an average opticalpower of the downstream traffic 212. Many types of amplifiers may beused. Furthermore, the downstream clock data recovery circuit 413 may beoperationally coupled to the burst mode clock data recovery circuit 412,to facilitate the clock recovery of a bursty upstream signal.

Referring to FIG. 4B, a test apparatus 400B is a variant of the testapparatus 400A of FIG. 4A. In the apparatus 400B of FIG. 4B, the opticalbreaker switch 303 and the 2×2 optical coupler 304 are swapped with eachother: the second through port 332 of the 2×2 optical coupler 304 iscoupled to the second input optical port 302, and the first through port331 of the 2×2 optical coupler 304 is coupled to the optical breakerswitch 303, which is coupled to the first input optical port 301.

Turning to FIG. 4C, a test apparatus 400C is a variant of the testapparatus 400A of FIG. 4A. In the test apparatus 400C of FIG. 4C, theupstream receiver 306 further includes an optical power splitter 401coupled to the upstream optical filter 408. A second upstream opticalfilter 409 may be optically coupled to the optical power splitter 401,with a second photodetector 472 coupled to the second upstream opticalfilter 409. The second photodetector 472 provides an electrical signalin response to the upstream traffic portion 214A. The pre-amplifier 410may be electrically coupled to the second photodetector 472, foramplifying the electrical signal. The peak or average signal detector411 may be coupled to the pre-amplifier 410 and the processor 320, fordetecting a peak or average value of the electrical signal. Together,the second photodetector 472, the pre-amplifier 410, and the peak oraverage signal detector 411 make up the optical power meter 370 of theupstream receiver 306 of FIG. 3. In FIG. 4C, the upstream optical powermeter 370 is coupled to the optical power splitter 401, and iscalibrated for determining the optical power level of the upstreamtraffic 214 from the detected portion 214A. Using two photodetectors 408and 409 allows one to individually optimize performance of lightdetection for power measurement and electrical signal waveformgeneration purposes.

In the embodiment of FIG. 4C, the downstream receiver 307 also includesthe optical power splitter 401, which is coupled to the downstreamoptical filter 414. A second downstream optical filter 415 may beoptically coupled to the optical power splitter 401, with the secondphotodetector 472 coupled to the second downstream optical filter 415.The second photodetector 472 provides an electrical signal in responseto the downstream traffic portion 212A. Another pre-amplifier 410 may beelectrically coupled to the second photodetector 472, for amplifying theelectrical signal. Finally, another peak or average signal detector 411may be coupled to the pre-amplifier 410 and the processor 320, fordetecting a peak or average value of the electrical signal. Together,the second photodetector 472, the pre-amplifier 410, and the peak oraverage signal detector 411 make up the downstream optical power meter370 of the downstream receiver 307 of FIG. 3. In the test apparatus 400Cof FIG. 4C, the downstream optical power meter 370 is coupled to theoptical power splitter 401, and is calibrated for determining an opticalpower level of the downstream traffic 212 from the detected portion212A.

Referring now to FIG. 4D, a test apparatus 400D is a variant of the testapparatus 400C of FIG. 4C. In the apparatus 400D of FIG. 4D, theupstream optical filter 408 and the downstream optical filter 414 areplaced before the power splitters 401, alleviating the need for secondupstream 409 and downstream 415 respective optical filters.

Turning to FIG. 5 with further reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, a method 500(FIG. 5) for testing the PON 211 (FIG. 2) includes a step 501 ofcoupling the optical circuit 310 of the test apparatus 300 into the ODN210 between the OLT 202 and the first ONU 206.1. In a step 502, theoptical breaker switch 303 is operated to open and then close theoptical circuit 310, so as to cause a temporary interruption of thebidirectional optical traffic in the optical circuit 310. As a result ofthe interruption, an activation procedure is initiated between the OLT202 and the first ONU 206.1 (and other ONUs 206.2 to 206.m, 208.1 to208.n) upon closing the optical circuit 310. In a step 503, the portion214A of the upstream traffic 214 is captured after the interruption 502,during the activation procedure. The portion 212A of the downstreamtraffic 212 may also be captured in this step. The capturing may includestoring the received activation bit stream(s) in the memory 422 of thetest apparatuses 400A to 400D of FIGS. 4A to 4D, respectively. In a step504, identification information of the first ONU 206.1 is extracted fromthe upstream traffic portion 214A, captured in step 503. Identificationinformation of the OLT 202 and/or the PON 211 may also be extracted inthis step.

In an optional step 505, optical power levels of the upstream 214 and/ordownstream 212 traffic may be determined. By way of an example, opticalpower meters 370 shown in FIGS. 3, 4C, and 4D may be used for thispurpose. Finally, in an optional step 506, the determined optical powerlevels may be displayed on the display 321 (FIG. 3) along with theidentification information of the first ONU 206.1 and the OLT 202. Inthis manner, a user of the test apparatus 300 and 400A to 400D mayassociate the measured optical power levels with a particular ONU or OLTof the PON 211.

Referring back to FIG. 3 and FIGS. 4A to 4D, the processor 320 may beconfigured to extract the ID information from the upstream and/ordownstream traffic in the step 504 of the method 500, to identify theONU 206.1 to 206.m, 208.1 to 208.n, and/or the OLT 202. Specificimplementation of the extracting step 504 of the method 500 of FIG. 5depends on a specific PON type. Data structures and extraction methodsfor most widely deployed PON types, i.e. GPON, XG-PON, EPON, 10G-EPON,are considered below with reference to FIGS. 6A to 6G and FIGS. 7A to7F. Only relevant data components will be described.

Referring first to FIG. 6A, a structure of a typical GPON upstream burst600A is shown. The upstream burst 600A includes a preamble portion 601,which may have a dynamically defined length. To the right of thepreamble portion 601, there is a three byte long delimiter portion 602,which denotes the start of a burst header portion 603. The burst headerportion 603 contains an ONU-ID field 605, for identification of an ONUthat generated the burst 600A. Next to the burst header 603 there is aphysical layer operation and maintenance upstream (PLOAMu) message 604.In FIG. 6A, the PLOAMu message 604 is a Serial_Number_ONU physical layeroperation and maintenance (PLOAM) message as specified in the ITU-TG984.3 communications protocol. The Serial_Number_ONU PLOAM message 604contains a one byte long ONU-ID field 606 and an eight bytes long ONU-SNfield 607, which holds a vendor-specific serial number of the ONU whichhas sent the upstream burst 600A, e.g. the ONU 206.1 of FIG. 2.

Turning to FIG. 6B, a structure of a typical XG-PON upstream burst 600Bis shown. The upstream burst 600B includes an upstream physicalsynchronization block (PSBu) 610, which may have a dynamically definedlength. Next to the PSBu 610 a XG-PON transmission convergence (XGTC)header portion 611 is disposed. The XGTC header portion 611 contains aten bit long ONU-ID field 612 and optionally a PLOAMu message 613. InFIG. 6B, the PLOAMu message 613 is a Serial_Number_ONU PLOAM message asspecified in the standard ITU-T G987.3. The Serial_Number_ONU PLOAMmessage 613 contains a ten bit long ONU-ID field 614 and an eight bytelong ONU-SN field 615 holding a vendor-specific serial number of the ONUwhich has sent the upstream burst 600B, e.g. the ONU 206.1 of FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 6C, a structure of a typical XG-PON upstream burst600C is similar to the PON upstream burst 600B of FIG. 6B, but insteadof the PLOAM message 613 including the Serial_Number_ONU field 615 inFIG. 6B, an upstream burst with a Registration PLOAM message 622 isshown in FIG. 6C, pursuant to the ITU-T G987.3 communications protocol.The Registration PLOAM message 622 contains a thirty six bytes longREG-ID field 623, which holds a registration identifier usable foridentifying the ONU which has generated the upstream burst 600C, e.g.the ONU 206.1 in the PON 211 of FIG. 2.

Turning to FIG. 6D, a structure of a typical. XG-PON downstream frame600D according to ITU-T G987.3 communications standard is illustrated.The frame 600D includes a physical control block downstream (PSBd)structure 631. The PSBd structure 631 contains a PON-ID structure 632.The PON-ID structure 632 contains a fifty one bit long PON-ID field 633holding a PON-ID of the OLT which has sent the downstream frame 600D,e.g. the OLT 202 of FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 6E, a structure of a typical G-PON downstream frame600E according to ITU-T G984.3 communications standard is presented. TheG-PON downstream frame 600E includes a PCBd structure 641. The PCBdstructure 641 contains a physical layer operation and managementdownstream (PLOAMd) message 642. In FIG. 6E, the PLOAMd message 642includes a PON-ID PLOAM message 644 as specified in the ITU-T G984.3communications protocol, Amendment 3. The PON-ID PLOAM message 644contains a seven bytes long PON-ID field 643 holding a PON-ID of the OLTwhich has sent the downstream frame 600E, e.g. the OLT 202 of FIG. 2.

Turning to FIG. 6F, a structure of a typical EPON or 10G-EPON upstreamburst 600F is shown. The upstream burst 600F comprises a delimiter bitpattern 651, used for determining the start of an Ethernet frame 654.The EPON or 10G-EPON upstream burst 600F further includes a logical linkidentifier (LLID) field 652 and a fifteen bit long LLID value and asource address (SA) field 653, which contains a media access control(MAC) address of the source transmitting the upstream frame. In EPON or10G-EPON systems this source address may be used for identifying the ONUwhich has generated the upstream burst 600F, e.g. the ONU 206.1 in thePON 211 of FIG. 2.

Referring now to FIG. 6G, a structure of a typical EPON or 10G-EPONdownstream frame 600G is shown. The EPON or 10G-EPON downstream frame600G comprises an LLID field 661 and a SA field 662, which contains aMAC address of the source of the downstream frame 600G. In EPON or10G-EPON systems, this source address may be used as an identificationmeans for the OLT which has sent the downstream frame 600G, e.g. the OLT202 of FIG. 2.

Exemplary processes of capturing relevant bit streams and extracting theONU and OLT identifiers will now be considered in detail with referenceto FIGS. 7A to 7F. These exemplary processes represent possible variantsof the capturing 503 and extracting 504 steps of the method 500 (FIG.5).

Referring first to FIG. 7A, an exemplary process 700A may be used toobtain the ONU-SN 607 and the ONU-ID 605, 606 (FIG. 6A) from an upstreamburst in a GPON system. The process 700A (FIG. 7A) starts at 701. In astep 702, a first upstream burst sent from the first ONU 206.1 (FIG. 3)is received and stored in the non-transitional memory 422 (FIGS. 4A to4D) as “bit sequence A”. The bit sequence A may containSerial_Number_ONU PLOAMu message 604 (FIG. 6A). In a step 703, a secondupstream burst sent from the first ONU 206.1 (FIG. 3) is received andstored in the non-transitional memory 422 (FIG. 4A) as “bit sequence B”.Bit sequence B may include the ONU-SN 607. In both bit sequences A andB, the delimiter bit pattern 602 may be used to determine the start ofthe burst header section 603 (FIG. 6A). In a step 704, the ONU-ID 605,606 and the ONU-SN 607 may be extracted from the bit sequence A andstored for further data processing. The ONU-ID 605, 606 of the bitsequence A may contain an “unassigned” ONU-ID, which is a default valuefor ONUs in the serial number state. In a step 705, the ONU-ID 605, 606field and the ONU-SN 607 may be extracted from the bit sequence B andstored for further data processing. Since the ONU-ID 605, 606 and theONU-SN 607 may be obtained only from bit sequence B without processingthe bit sequence A, the step 704 of processing the bit sequence A isoptional. The process 700A ends at 706.

Turning to FIG. 7B, a process 700B may be used to obtain the ONU-SN 615,ONU-ID 612, 614 (FIG. 6B), and the REG-ID 623 (FIG. 6C) of an ONU froman upstream burst in an XG-PON system. The process 700B of FIG. 7Bincludes steps 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, and 716 similar to therespective steps 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, and 706 of the process 700A ofFIG. 7A. One difference of the process 700B of FIG. 7B is that, if thebit sequence B comprises a Registration PLOAM message, the REG-ID 623(FIG. 6C) may be extracted and stored for further data processing in thestep 714.

Referring to FIG. 7C, a process 700C may be used to obtain the PON-ID633 (FIG. 6E) from a downstream data frame in a GPON system. The process700C (FIG. 7C) starts at 721. In a step 722, a bit sequence is extractedfrom a downstream frame, which may be sent e.g. by the OLT 202 (FIG. 3).The bit sequence may have the structure shown in FIG. 6E. In a step 723,a check is performed whether the bit sequence includes the PON-ID PLOAMmessage 632, as specified in ITU-T G984.3 Amendment 3. If yes, thePON-ID 633 (FIG. 6E), that is, a network ID number, is extracted andstored for further processing in a step 724. If the bit sequence doesnot comprise the PON-ID PLOAM message 632, the bit sequence received isdiscarded and another downstream bit sequence is received. The process700C ends at 725.

Turning to FIG. 7D, a process 700D may be used to obtain the PON-ID 643(FIG. 6D) from a downstream data frame in a XG-PON system. The process700D (FIG. 7D) starts at 731. In a step 732, a received bit sequence isconverted from a downstream frame, which may have been sent e.g. by theOLT 202 (FIG. 3). The bit sequence may have the structure shown in FIG.6D. In a step 733, the PON-ID 643 (FIG. 6D) is extracted from the bitsequence. The process 700D ends at 734.

Referring to FIG. 7E, a process 700E may be used to obtain the LLID 652and the MAC source address (SA) 653 (FIG. 6F) from an upstream burst ina EPON or 10G-EPON system. The process 700E (FIG. 7E) starts at 741. Ina step 742, a bit sequence is extracted from an upstream burst, whichmay be generated by the first ONU 206.1 (FIG. 3). The received bitsequence may be stored in the non-transitional memory 422 (FIGS. 4A to4D). The received bit sequence may have the structure shown in FIG. 6F.The delimiter pattern 651 may be used to determine the start of theEthernet frame 654 (FIG. 6F). In a step 743 (FIG. 7E), the LLID field652 is extracted from the bit sequence. In a step 744, a check isperformed whether the extracted LLID is within a range of valid LLIDsfor registered ONUs. If yes, then in a step 745, the source MAC address653, which is the MAC address of the ONU sending the upstream signale.g. the first ONU 206.1 (FIG. 2), is extracted and stored for furtherdata processing. If the extracted LLID 652 is not within a range ofvalid LLIDs for registered ONUs, the bit sequence received in thereceiving step 742 is discarded and another bit sequence is captured.The process 700E ends at 746.

Turning to FIG. 7F, a process 700F may be used to obtain the LLID 661and the MAC SA 662 (FIG. 6G) from a downstream frame in a EPON or10G-EPON system. The process 700F (FIG. 7F) starts at 751. In a step752, a bit sequence is extracted from a downstream frame e.g. adownstream frame sent by the OLT 202 (FIG. 3). In a step 753 (FIG. 7F),the LLID field 661 is extracted from the captured bit sequence. In astep 754, a check is performed whether the extracted LLID 661 is withina range of valid LLIDs. If yes, then in a step 755, the MAC SA 662 (FIG.6G), which is the MAC address of the OLT sending the downstream frame,is extracted and stored for further data processing. If the extractedLLID 661 is not within a range of valid LLIDs, the bit sequence isdiscarded and another bit sequence is captured. The process 700F ends at756.

Once the identification information is collected as explained above, andoptical power levels measured by the test apparatus 300 of FIG. 3 or400A to 400D of FIGS. 4A to 4D, the identification information of ONUsand/or OLT may be displayed together with corresponding optical powerlevels. Referring to FIG. 8, an example summary screen 800 may be showne.g. on the display 321 of the test apparatus 300 of FIG. 3. The summaryscreen 800 (FIG. 8) may include wavelengths 802, 806 and optical powerlevels 803, 807 of either the upstream optical signal or the downstreamoptical signal or both. Information for identifying the OLT and/or ONUmay be displayed. In GPON and XG-PON systems, the ONU(s) are typicallyidentified via their vendor specific serial number (ONU-SN) 804, ortheir ONU-ID 805. The ONU-ID 805 is a unique number within a given PON.In GPON and XG-PON systems OLTs are typically identified via theirPON-ID 808. In EPON and 10G-EPON systems ONUs and OLTs are typicallyidentified via their MAC address (not shown in FIG. 8). Furthermore,ONUs may be identified via their LLID (not shown in FIG. 8), which is aunique number within a given PON. The PON type is shown at 801, whichtypically is a device setting selected prior to starting the test.

The hardware used to implement the various illustrative logics, logicalblocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspectsdisclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purposeprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) orother programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor maybe a microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor may be anyconventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. Aprocessor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices,e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality ofmicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSPcore, or any other such configuration. Alternatively, some steps ormethods may be performed by circuitry that is specific to a givenfunction.

The foregoing description of one or more embodiments of the inventionhas been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. Itis not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to theprecise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possiblein light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of theinvention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by theclaims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus to test a passive optical network(PON) carrying optical traffic between an optical line terminal (OLT)and an optical network unit (ONU), the apparatus comprising: an opticalcircuit including at least one port to couple the apparatus to a testpoint between the OLT and the ONU in the PON; and a controller coupledto the optical circuit to: interrupt communication between the OLT andONU to initiate an activation procedure in the ONU for establishingcommunication with the OLT; receive at least a portion of upstreamtraffic from the ONU during the activation procedure; and extractidentification information of the ONU from the at least a portion ofupstream traffic.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the opticalcircuit comprises a breaker switch, and wherein to interruptcommunication between the OLT and ONU, the controller is to cause theoptical breaker switch to temporarily interrupt the communicationbetween the OLT and ONU to invoke the activation procedure in the ONU.3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein to temporarily interrupt thecommunication between the OLT and ONU, the controller is to cause theoptical breaker switch to disconnect at least one of an upstreamconnection and a downstream connection between the OLT and the ONU forless than or equal to one second.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinto extract identification information of the ONU, the controller is to:identify a header in an upstream message from the ONU; and parse theheader to extract the identification information of the ONU.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one port is to receivedownstream traffic from the OLT, and the controller is to extractidentification information of at least one of the OLT and the PON fromthe downstream traffic.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, comprising: anoptical receiver to receive upstream traffic from the ONU; and anoptical power meter to measure an optical power level of the upstreamtraffic.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, comprising: a downstream opticalreceiver to receive downstream traffic from the OLT; and a downstreamoptical power meter to measure an optical power level of the downstreamtraffic.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, comprising a display to displaythe optical power level of at least one of the upstream traffic and thedownstream traffic and to display the identification information of theONU.
 9. An apparatus connectable to a passive optical network (PON)carrying optical traffic between an optical line terminal (OLT) and anoptical network unit (ONU), the apparatus comprising: an optical circuitincluding at least one port to couple the apparatus at a point in thePON between the OLT and the ONU in the PON; and a controller coupled tothe optical circuit to: cause the optical circuit to temporarilyinterrupt communication between the OLT and ONU; receive upstreamtraffic from the ONU during an activation procedure of the ONU caused bythe temporary interruption of the communication between the OLT and ONU;and extract identification information of the ONU from the upstreamtraffic from the ONU during the activation procedure.
 10. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein to extract identification information of the ONU,the controller is to: identify a header in an upstream message from theONU; and parse the header to extract the identification information ofthe ONU.
 11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one port isto receive downstream traffic from the OLT, and the controller is toextract identification information of at least one of the OLT and thePON from the downstream traffic.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinthe optical circuit comprises a breaker switch, and wherein totemporarily interrupt communication between the OLT and ONU, thecontroller is to cause the optical breaker switch to temporarilyinterrupt the communication between the OLT and ONU to invoke theactivation procedure in the ONU.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, whereinto temporarily interrupt the communication between the OLT and ONU, thecontroller is to cause the optical breaker switch to disconnect at leastone of an upstream connection and a downstream connection between theOLT and the ONU for less than or equal to one second.
 14. The apparatusof claim 9, comprising: at least one optical receiver to receiveupstream traffic from the ONU or receive downstream traffic from theOLT; and at least one optical power meter to measure an optical powerlevel of the upstream traffic or to measure an optical power level ofthe downstream traffic.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, comprising adisplay to display the optical power level of at least one of theupstream traffic and the downstream traffic and to display theidentification information of the ONU.
 16. A method comprising:controlling an optical circuit in an apparatus to temporarily interruptcommunication between an optical line terminal (OLT) and an opticalnetwork unit (ONU) in a passive optical network (PON); receivingupstream traffic from the ONU during an activation procedure of the ONUcaused by the temporary interruption of the communication between theOLT and ONU; and extracting, by a controller, identification informationof the ONU from the upstream traffic from the ONU during the activationprocedure.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein extracting theidentification information of the ONU comprises: identifying a header inan upstream message from the ONU; and parsing the header to extract theidentification information of the ONU.
 18. The method of claim 16,comprising: receiving downstream traffic from the OLT; and extractingidentification information of at least one of the OLT and the PON fromthe downstream traffic.
 19. The method of claim 18, comprising:measuring an optical power level of at least one of the upstream trafficand the downstream traffic; and displaying the optical power level of atleast one of the upstream traffic and the downstream traffic on adisplay of the apparatus.
 20. The method of claim 16, whereincontrolling the optical circuit comprises: sending a signal to anoptical breaker switch to disconnect at least one of an upstreamconnection and a downstream connection between the OLT and the ONU forless than or equal to one second.